What’s the difference between plasma and serum in the blood

Question 1

A 70-year-old woman has received a diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after a clinical investigation sparked by the presence of leukocytosis in her routine blood work. What clinical course should her care provider tell her to expect?

Answers:

A. “It’s likely that this will give you chronic fatigue and malaise for the rest of your life, but that will probably be the extent of your symptoms.”

B. “Unfortunately, your leukemia will likely enter a crisis mode within a few weeks if we don’t treat it immediately.”

C. “You could remain the chronic stage of CML for several years before it accelerates and culminates in a crisis.”

D. “You can expect your blood results, fatigue, and susceptibility to infection to gradually worsen over a few years.”

Question 2

Following an injury resulting in a small cut from a knife, the first cells to go to the area of the cut would be the

Answers:

A. erythrocytes.

B. basophils.

C. neutrophils.

D. albumin.

Question 3

Which of the following diagnostic findings is likely to result in the most serious brain insult?

Answers:

A. Moderate decrease in brain tissue volume secondary to a brain tumor removal

B.  High intracellular concentration of glutamate

C. Increased ICP accompanied by hyperventilation

D. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) that equals intracranial pressure (ICP)

Question 4

Which of the following patients would be most likely to be experiencing an increase in renal erythropoietin production?

Answers:

A. A 70-year-old woman admitted with dehydration secondary to an overdose of her potassium-wasting diuretic

B. A 21-year-old man with acute blood loss secondary to a motor vehicle accident 3 hours prior

C. A 68-year-old man with a long-standing diagnosis of polycythemia vera

D. A 71-year-old smoker admitted to hospital with exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 5

A college student has been experiencing frequent headaches that he describes as throbbing and complaining of difficulty concentrating while studying. Upon cerebral angiography, he is found to have an arteriovenous malformation. Which of the following pathophysiological concepts is likely responsible for his symptoms?

Answers:

A. Localized ischemia with areas of necrosis noted on CT angiography

B. High pressure and local hemorrhage of the venous system

C. Hydrocephalus and protein in the cerebral spinal fluid

D. Increased tissue perfusion at the site of the malformation

Question 6

A group of nursing students were studying for their pathophysiology exam by quizzing each other about disorders of WBCs and lymphoid tissue. When asked what the first chromosomal abnormality that identified cancer was, one student correctly answered

Answers:

A. interleukin cells.

B. Philadelphia.

C. PSA.

D. BRCA-1.

Question 7

A 47-year-old woman was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 3 years ago and has experienced a progressive onset and severity of complications. She has been admitted to a palliative care unit due to her poor prognosis? What assessments and interventions should the nursing staff of the unit prioritize in their care?

Answers:

A. Regular pain assessment and administration of opioid analgesics as needed

B. Cardiac monitoring and administration of inotropic medications

C. Assessment and documentation of cognitive changes, including confusion and restlessness

D. Assessment of swallowing ability and respiratory status

Question 8

A 53-year-old man presents with inability to concentrate, itching in his fingers and toes, elevated blood pressure, and unexplained weight loss. He is diagnosed with primary polycythemia. What will be the primary goal of his treatment?

Answers:

A. To increase the amount of oxygen distributed by his red blood cells

B. To reduce the viscosity of his blood

C. To reduce the mean size of his red cells

D. To control his hypertension

Question 9

During a late night study session, a pathophysiology student reaches out to turn the page of her textbook. Which of the following components of her nervous system contains the highest level of control of her arm and hand action?

Answers:

A. Thalamus

B. Cerebellum

C. Frontal lobe

D. Basal ganglia

Question 10

The family members of an elderly patient are wondering why his “blood counts” are not rising after his last GI bleed. They state, “He has always bounced back after one of these episodes, but this time it isn’t happening. Do you know why?” The nurse will respond based on which of the following pathophysiological principles?

Answers:

A. “Don’t worry about it. We can always give him more blood.”

B. “Due to stress, the red blood cells of older adults are not replaced as promptly as younger people.”

C. “Everything slows down when you get older. You just have to wait and see what happens.”

D.  “The doctor may start looking for another cause of his anemia, maybe cancer of the bone.”

Question 11

A 44-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department with abnormal bleeding and abdominal pain that is later attributed to gallbladder disease. Which of the following diagnoses would the medical team be most justified in suspecting as a cause of the patient’s bleeding?

Answers:

A. Hemophilia B

B. Vitamin K deficiency

C. Excess calcium

D. Idiopathic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Question 12

Your ESRD patient is receiving 2 units of packed red blood cells for anemia (Hgb of 8.2). Twenty minutes into the first transfusion, the nurse observes the patient has a flushed face, hives over upper body trunk, and is complaining of pain in lower back. His vital signs include pulse rate of 110 and BP drop to 95/56.What is the nurse’s priority action?

Answers:

A. Recheck the type of blood infusing with the chart documentation of patient’s blood type.

B. Discontinue the transfusion and begin an infusion of normal saline.

C. Slow the rate of the blood infusion to 50 mL/hour.

D. Document the assessment as the only action.

Question 13

A 5th grade elementary student asks the school nurse how much blood is in an entire body. The nurse should respond that the average grown-up adult has

Answers:

A. 2 to 4 cups of blood in his or her body.

B. 5 to 6 L of blood throughout his or her body.

C. 3 pints of blood in total.

D. 3 to 4 quarts of blood in his or her body.

Question 14

The geriatrician providing care for a 74-year-old man with diagnosis of Parkinson disease has recently changed the client’s medication regimen. What is the most likely focus of the pharmacologic treatment of the man’s health problem?

Answers:

A. Preventing demyelination of the efferent cerebellar pathways

B. Preventing axonal degradation of motor neurons

C. Maximizing acetylcholine release from synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions

D. Increasing the functional ability of the underactive dopaminergic system

Question 15

A student makes the statement to a colleague, “Blood plasma is essentially just a carrier for the formed elements like red blood cells and white blood cells.”What would be the most accurate response to this statement?

Answers:

A. “Not really. Plasma also contributes to the processes of protein synthesis and hematopoiesis.”

B. “Actually, plasma plays a significant role in nutrient and waste transport.”

C. “Actually, plasma is integral to the proper function of the liver and maintenance of acid–base balance.”

D. “That’s not really true. Plasma is crucial in the immune and inflammatory responses.”

Question 16

Several months ago, a 20-year-old male suffered a spinal cord injury brought about by a snowboard trick gone wrong. The lasting effects of his injury include a flaccid bowel and bladder and the inability to obtain an erection. While sensation has been completely preserved in his legs and feet, his motor function is significantly impaired. What type of incomplete spinal cord injury has the man most likely experienced?

Answers:

A. Central cord syndrome

B. Conus medullaris syndrome

C. Brown-Séquard syndrome

D. Anterior cord syndrome

Question 17

A client with a gastrointestinal bleed secondary to alcohol abuse and a hemoglobin level of 5.8 g/dL has been ordered a transfusion of packed red blood cells. The client possesses type B antibodies but lacks type D antigens on his red cells. Transfusion of which of the following blood types would be least likely to produce a transfusion reaction?

Answers:

A. A–

B. A+

C. B–

D. B+

Question 18

Which of the following clients’ signs and symptoms would allow a clinician to be most justified in ruling out stroke as a cause? An adult

Answers:

A. has vomited and complained of a severe headache.

B. states that his left arm and leg are numb, and gait is consequently unsteady.

C. has experienced a sudden loss of balance and slurred speech.

D. has had a gradual onset of weakness, headache, and visual disturbances over the last 2 days.

Question 19

Amniocentesis has suggested that a couple’s first child will be born with sickle cell disease. The parents are unfamiliar with the health problem, and their caregiver is explaining the complexities. Which of the following statements by the parents would suggest a need for further teaching or clarification?

Answers:

A. “Our baby’s red cells are prone to early destruction because of his or her weak membranes.”

B. “Our son or daughter likely won’t show the effects of sickling until he or she is school-aged because of the different hemoglobin in babies.”

C.  “Not all of his or her red cells will be sickled, but low oxygen levels can cause them to become so.”

D. “Sickled cells can block his or her blood vessels, especially in the abdomen, chest, and bones.”

Question 20

During science class, a student asks, “What’s the difference between plasma and serum in the blood?” The nurse responds that the primary difference between plasma and serum is that plasma contains

Answers:

A. hydrogen ions.

B. heparin.

C. white blood cells.

D. fibrinogen.

Do No Harm and Financing for an Aging Population”  Please respond to the following:

· Take a position as to whether or not nursing homes should have the authority to restrain a resident. Next, determine who should be held liable if the resident sustains injuries while being restrained. Provide a rationale for your response.

· Review the video titled “Senator Elizabeth Warren – The Future of Long-Term Care Policy: Continuing the Conversation” (9 min 32 s). Click here to view the video if it is not playing below. Next, describe the fiscal impact of the growth and aging of the population on long-term care services, and take a position as to whether or not the federal government should continue to provide subsidies to offset the cost to families utilizing long-term care services. Provide support for your response.

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A new Vice President has just been transferred from marketing to take over manufacturing, His undergraduate degree was in engineering in addition to an MBA. He has not worked in engineering or operations for many years. Your three-person Lean transformation team now reports to him. You and your team meet with him in the afternoon of his first day on the job. He asks you to explain this “Lean thing”. He asks you and your team to specifically help him understand the visual management system that is in place. In short, he does not understand what it all means.

In this assignment you are to design a PowerPoint presentation that will help him understand and answer the following questions:

1. Why is making everything visible so essential to the workplace?

2. Why is visual management so important to a Lean transformation?

3. What is a Gemba Walk? Why do we do this? What do we gain from it? Why should I participate?

4. If we are developing self-directed teams and utilizing them throughout the organization – What role(s) do our front line, middle, and senior leaders play?

Your PowerPoint presentation should be at least 5 pages (excluding the cover page). You are to provide clear and thoughtful answers to each question and offer a convincing rationale for each of your answers.

 

Although every RN in the United States takes the same licensing exam (NCLEX-RN), each state is charged with the licensing of nurses and the creation of law and rules to govern nursing practice in that state. Locate the Nurse Practice Act (or nursing law) for your state, and investigate one of the following issues: delegation by the RN to the unlicensed assistive personnel, use of the term nursing diagnosis, patient abandonment (refusal of an assignment), or requirements for continued licensure (practice, continuing education, or others). Tell us what your state’s law says on this issue and how this impacts your practice.

Respond

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(an instructor response)
Legal Regulation- Nurse Practice Act

Nurses,

The earliest Nurse Practice Act was developed in 1903 to protect the citizens and regulate nursing practice and education (Brekken & Evans, 2011). Investigate the Nurse Practice Act for your state and tell us about the directives regarding delegation to unlicensed personnel, the use of nursing diagnosis, patient abandonment, or license renewal requirements.

Reference:

Brekken, S. A., & Evans, S. (2011). Strateg

B) 8 sandwich Show more In Table B what is the marginal product of labor for the 3rd worker? A) 25 sandwiches B) 8 sandwiches C) 12 sandwiches D) 14 sandwiches 9. In Table B diminishing MPL begins with which worker? In other words which is the first worker who adds less output than the previous worker? A) first worker B) second worker C) third worker D) fourth worker E) fifth worker F) sixth worker G) seventh worker H) eighth worker I) we do not see diminishing MPL in the table yet. 10. In Table B assume all workers get paid the same wage rate of w = $80. Assume that there are no costs associated with capital (TFC = 0). Which of the following is true? A) The marginal cost of sandwiches made by the 6th worker is $4. B) The marginal cost of sandwiches increases when L increases from 3 to 4 C) The marginal cost of sandwiches increases when L increases from 6 to 7 D) The marginal cost of all sandwiches is the same. E) Both [A] and [D] are true. 11. In Table B assume all workers get paid the same wage rate of w = $60. Assume that there are no costs associated with capital (TFC = 0). The lowest marginal cost of output is associated with how many workers employed? A) 4 workers B) 5 workers C) 6 workers D) 7 workers Show less