Comment:
This assignment requires you to write a reflective journal consisting of four (4) learning events. The purpose of the journal is to show your developing understanding of leadership concepts and theories as they relate to the set text, recommended texts, lectures, guest lectures and stream readings. a) Two learning events must relate to leadership concepts discussed in Ladkin (2010). I suggest you focus on certain chapters that either resonate with, or are at odds with, your own reflections and practical experiences of leadership. Ladkin?s book is philosophical and it is aimed at people like us who are grappling with what it means to enact leadership today. Therefore it requires us to approach it with openness becoming engaged critically with the essential ideas she discusses. This will require you to read beyond the text so that you more fully understand the ideas within it. Ladkin offers references that enable you to read more widely. b) One learning event should relate to leadership concepts discussed in an academic journal article referred to in class. c) One learning event must relate specifically to ethics and how it relates to leadership. The ethics component of this assignment is worth 10% of the final grade for this paper. This is because business graduates should be able to identify and evaluate ethical dilemmas and provide reasoned alternatives for their resolution. d) Please include a short introduction and provide a succinct conclusion that reiterates the key learning points from your journal. Each entry will be approximately 750-800 words. Your journal will be marked on the rigour of your critique, the elegance of your writing and the depth of your personal responses. Use APA 6th edition for your references. See the paper written by Kathryn Pavlovich, Eva Collins, and Glyndwr Jones from the University of Waikato for a description of the value of using reflective practice in academic study. Pavlovich, K., Collins, E., & Jones, G. (2007). Developing students? skills in reflective practice: Design and assessment. Journal of Management Education, 33 (1), 37-58. Words: 3,500 Due Date: Thursday October 28. Additional files about this Reflective Journal: Concepts Summary.pdf Journal writing workshop.pdf Leaders from the past – journal starter.pdf Martin Hampton Reflective Writing Guide 2010.pdf Mindfulness notes.pdf Pavlovich Collins Jones 2009.pdf Reflective Journal Examples.pdf Ripamonit Galuppo Gorli Scaratti Cunliffe 2015.pdf Taylor Rudolph Foldy 2007.pdf
Concepts
summary
School of Management
Leadership and Governance
Keith Grint…
Professor Keith Grint argues that leadership is
socially constructed and can be understood
through different lenses.
? The person
? The results
? The position
? The process
? Grint is most likely to be cited in assignment one
and three (hint!).
Four lenses…
Grint?s four arts of leadership
Leadership is critically concerned with establishing
and coordinating the relationships between five
things: who, what, where, how and the why:
? Who are you? ? An identity
? What does the organisation want to achieve ? A
strategic vision
? Where is the action ? Structure and hierarchy.
? How will they achieve this ? Organisational
tactics
? Why should followers want to embody the
identity, pursue the strategic vision, and adopt
the organisational tactics ? Persuasive
communication
2
Historical
Ancient advice- Sun Tzu
?Those who win every battle are not really
skilful – those who render other?s armies
helpless without fighting are the best of all?.
The concept of the ?Golden bridge? is natural
consequence of this philosophy.
Sun Tzu also offers the seemingly paradoxical
advice to burn your own bridges, in other
words to commit yourself or suffer the
consequences.
Ladkin states…
Leadership scholarship has been dedicated to
understanding leaders; those individuals who
grab our attention amidst what is perhaps a
much more complex intersection of contextual
and person factors (p. 11).
The follower role… is highly implicated in the
quality of leadership (p.12)
Variety of possibilities available to all actors
within hierarchical systems to initiate,
influence or create significant instances of
leadership (p.12).
The leader?s side
Transactional v Transformational theories
Transformational – MLQ
Multifactor leadership questionnaire (Bass,
1985) measures 4 transformational behaviours:
?Idealised influence
?Inspirational motivation
?Intellectual stimulation
?Individualised consideration
Plus 2 measures of transactional dimensions
?Contingent reward
?Management by exception
Transformational – TLI
Transformational Leadership Inventory
(Podsakoff et al.), 4 key behaviours:
?Core transformational dimensions
?Identifying and articulating a vision
?Providing an appropriate model
?Fostering acceptance of group goals
?High performance expectations
?Providing individualised support
?Intellectual stimulation
Plus one contingent reward behaviour
Transformational – critique
Ladkin critiques transformational approaches.
Why?
1. Too much credit given to leader ? one ?side?,
one ?aspect?, piecemeal
2. Methodological concerns
Measurement instruments
Positivist, scientific approaches
High correlation between the factors
Lack of qualitative support
3
Modern
Theories
Towards a definition
Ladkin alerts us to the importance of
?collective mobilisation towards an explicit or
implicitly determined purpose?? p. 28
Compare to other definitions?
Rost (1993, p. 102) ? an influence relationship
among leaders and followers who intend real
changes that reflect their mutual purposes
Striving for a ?once and for all? definition for
such a phenomena is an impossible task.
The leadership moment
The
leadership
?moment?
Leader
Context Purpose
Follower
?Leadership is a moment of social relations?
Relationship side – LMX
LMX (Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995)
?Stranger phase
?Acquaintance phase
?Mature phase
As we examine the LMX Model next, keep in
mind Ladkin?s critique of this type of
approach?
(Aspects, Identity, Moments).
LMX
Relationship side – Servant
Servant Leadership (Greenleaf, 1977; Liden et
al., 2008).
Servant leadership stresses personal integrity
and serving others, including employees,
customers, and communities.
?It is based on the premise that to bring out
the best in their followers, leaders rely on
one-on-one communication to understand the
abilities, needs, desires, goals, and potential of
those individuals? (Liden et al., 2008, p. 162).
Complexity theory
CAS = complex adaptive systems
?Neural like networks of interacting,
interdependent agents bonded in a
collective dynamic of common need? (UhlBien
& Marion, 2009, p. 631).
Three functions
Administrative leadership
Enabling leadership
Adaptive leadership
Key words: Interconnectedness and dynamic
interaction.
3 Leadership behaviours
Inside the ?CAS?
Source: Uhl-Bien and Marion (2009)
Complexity dynamics
Non-linearity ? ?A? does not always lead to ?B?
(Recurrency ? any activity can feedback
into itself).
Bonding ? linking up, interaction, aggregation.
Attractors ? are ?phenomena? that arise when
small stimuli and probes resonate with
people.
Enabling conditions
Dynamic interactions occur as individuals
respond to immediate needs, preferences,
pressures, conflict and demands.
Interdependence ? there needs to be some
sort of shared need.
Heterogeneity ? difference is important.
Adaptive tension- pressure must be exerted so
it can elaborate and adjust. (Pressure
from who???).
PARADOX OF CONTROL ? ?in control? v ?not in
control? ? can create tension.
The paradox of control
Adaptive leadership is related to the human
desire to control, while CAS dynamics are
?uncontrollable? or emergent. This can
result in TENSION and this can be +ve
Adaptive leadership is related to the agenetic,
or deliberative, nature of human activity
(enabling conditions) and CAS dynamics
(mechanisms driven) represent the
inevitable, uncontrolled processes that
emerge from complex interactive forces.
Enabling leadership
Enabling leadership serves two roles:
? Fosters conditions that enable complexity
dynamics and adaptive leadership
(What conditions?????)
? Mediates between bureaucracy and CAS
How can leaders do this?
? Championing ideas
? Issue selling
? Protect from stifling control
5
Gender
?We don?t see things
as they are, we see
them as we are?
Anais Nin
Ready-to-hand v Present-at-hand
?Ready-to-hand? ? everyday, unexceptional, taken for
granted. This makes leadership hard to describe and
difficult to study.
?Present-at-hand? (p. 44-45) involved interacting with ?the
thing? as we see it as it freezes for a moment under
closer scrutiny. This happens when leadership fails?
Hurricane Katrina is her example. What NZ examples
can we use???
Identity and absence
Identity is important because there are many contributing
factors.
For example, Ladkin discusses her desk ?(p. 37) she
alerts us to the idea of negative presence ? that we
can think about as ?absence?.
Leadership has three ?absent? aspects (p. 38)
? Expectations
? Stories
? Invisible role played by multi-layers of culture
Expectations
?This is what I expect of you: I expect
you to sort out the interpersonal
difficulty I have with the guy who
sits next to me in the office, I
expect you to notice everything I
do well and always praise me for
it and I expect you to negotiate
me a substantial raise in the next
year. In short, I expect you to
make my life so much better?
(Ladkin, 2010, p. 39).
6
Culture
Culture
Leadership is a socially constructed phenomenon?
How does culture impact on leadership?
Absent expectations are carried by both
the ‘leader’ and the ‘followers’, through the stories that
are told about the ‘leader? and through the culture
from which leadership arises.
What is your story???
Watch ?leanin.org? expert lectures?
?Harnessing the power of stories? by
Prof Jennifer Aaker
Cultural Intelligence
1. Knowledge of culture and of
the fundamental principles of
cross-cultural interactions
2. Mindfulness, the ability to
pay attention in a reflective
and creative way to cues in
the cross- cultural situations
3. Behavioural skills
(Thomas & Inkson, 2004, p. 15)
Concept checks…
1. Organisational culture(s)
?The way we do things around here? (Deal &
Kennedy, 1982)
2. What about the cultures of people?
Shared mental programmes… Software of the
mind (Hofstede, 1980)
These mental programmes condition our
responses to they way we live…what we eat,
how we dress, our mannerisms, ways of
speaking, social behaviours….
Mental programming
Personality
Culture
Human nature
Specific to individuals
Universal
Specific to groups
Inherited and learned
Learned
Biological
Culture is…
? Shared
? Learned and is enduring
? A powerful influence on behaviours
? Systematic and organised
? Largely invisible
? May be ?tight? or ?loose?
(Thomas & Inkson, 2004, pp. 24-27)
Ladkin Ch 4
This chapter focuses on the ?space between?
the ?follower? and the ?leader??
She introduces the concepts of
?Immanence – embodied
?Transcendence ? beyond the body
?Reversibility ? percipient-perceptible
?Flesh ? the place where immanence and
transcendence coincide
Ladkin Ch 4
The leadership dynamic is constantly in a process of coconstruction
occurring between these mutual
perceptions. As ‘leaders’ see themselves through their
‘followers? gaze, they construct how they operate within
the ‘leader’ role.
Followers do likewise, creating their own ways of
operating within the field of their perceptions and
expectations of themselves intermingled with the way
they experience themselves to be perceived through
the gaze of those leading them (Ladkin, 2010, p. 66).
The in-between space
The ?flesh? (in-between part) is sensitive and
subtle.
How can we strengthen it?
Flesh alerts us to the way that perception is
embedded in particular places, historical times
and cultures.
The concept of flesh fits with the leadership
moment? It makes us think of something
material something physical that we can hold
and touch.
7
Emotional
intelligence
Empirical support
Emery and Barker (2007) surveyed 77 branch
managers from regional banking institutions
and 47 store managers from one national food
chain. They used Bass? (1985) MLQ-1.
Charisma highly correlated with job
satisfaction and organisational commitment.
Charisma was the only factor to predict
organisational commitment.
Expert 1: Ladkin
Weber?s ?Charismatic authority? (p. 76)
??Gift? from the divine
?Co-constructed
?Role of context ? crisis
Ladkin cites…
Beyer (1999, p. 316) Charisma is rare
Bass? (1985) transformational theory includes
?charismatic influence?, along with inspirational
motivation, individual consideration and
intellectual stimulation.
Aesthetics
Aisthitikos ?Perception by feeling?
taste, hearing, seeing and smell (p. 80)
Aesthetic perception is informed not only
through the rational, conscious part of
ourselves but also from a more bodily,
physically based sensitivity…
Anaesthetic ? puts us to sleep, stops us from
feeling… (p. 81)
Expert 2: Goleman
Emotional intelligence: the ability to manage
ourselves and our relationships effectively.
Goleman (2000) explains the four
fundamental capabilities in full (p. 80):
?Self-awareness
?Self-management
?Social awareness
?Social skills
EI and leadership styles
The leader?s ?modus operandi? is linked and is
categorised in terms of style. See the EI
competencies and outcomes (Goleman, 2000,
pp. 82-83).
For example, a coercive style, ?do what I tell
you?, is linked to a drive to achieve, and a
need for self control. This works best in a
crisis…
However the overall impact is often negative.
Expert 3: Kellerman
Kellerman (2012, p. xxi) defines these concepts
as:
Power: A?s capacity to get B to do whatever A
wants, whatever B?s preference, and if
necessary by force.